Inside a Single Engine Aircraft

 

Exam

 

https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/supplements

VOR Questions  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it68YViqlsY

Navigation - Pilotage and Dead Recononing

• Pilotage  - Visual Reference to Promenent Landmarks
• Dead Reckoning - Computation based time, distance, air speed and direction

5 Parts

Checkpoints -  Plot 2 or 3 closer checkpoints from the departure airport so you can demonistrate Pilotage and Dead Reckoning to the DPE 

1. Identify a Straight Line Route Between Departure airport and Destination airport 
Get Ground Track and True Course  (Plot True Course)

2. Finger Flight the route - Identify Promenent Landmarks, 10-20miles

3. Adjust routes for any hazards (no special used airspace, flight Restrictions, or hazards to make one change the route.

4. Identify possible stops for emergencies, fuel, streaching, bathroom breaks etc

5. Breaking routes into segments and defining checkpoints 
- Always try to keep checkpoint 10-20 nautical miles apart (keep workload managable and not far apart to get lost ) 
- pick checkpoints to the left or right of aircraft because it will be easier to see from the air. if you fly right ontop of it you may not see it.  

- Must be visible from the air (roads, towns, Rivers, Railroads, 

- Use multiple features

Which Direction are you going to point the Airplane?
Bearing to Destination  +/- Wind Correction  Then correct for Magnetic Variation
True Course 219 Deg   (Winds & Temp Alof Info Calculate Wind Correction Angle) + 5 Deg = True Heading 

How High and how Fast will I be going 
Hight = 4,500'MSL
Speed = True Airspeed  (Cruse Performance chart at 75% power at 4000' pressure altitude) Expect 123Knots True Airspeed  + (Wind Veolicity and direction at 4,500' to determine Ground Speed)

How Long will it Take to Get There 
We know the Ground Speed and Distance from other Calculations, we can get Distance (Nautical Miles) /Speed (Knots) = Time  (do it for each leg and add it together) 

How much Fuel Will I Need?
Time (Minuits/60= Time in Hour x11.0 Gal/Hr (info from 75%Cruise Power Chart)  Distance and Fuel Table we'll get an estimate for each leg and add everything up  (note Fuel for Start/Runup and Taxi)

Flight Across North Atlantic Ocean

 

The North Atlantic Ocean is one of the busiest airspaces in the entire world. On average, about 1,800 flights cross the eerie ocean every day. The ocean connects two major markets, Europe and North America. Flights range from commercial to cargo to military personnel. Considering that there is minimal radar coverage above the ocean, how do airplanes continue on course without a hiccup? Even if the pilot has filed in a correct flight route, tower communication is still necessary. The answer is, The North Atlantic Organized Track System (NAT-OTS) is known in shorthand as the North Atlantic Tracks, or even as NATs.

Th

The space is divided in 10 deg longitude 15 deg Sectors and as a flight enters each sector they report to Shanwick and Gander.  Shannon is the airport. The oceanic ATC center is called Shanwich control 

Cross-Country

 

Bring with you in the Cross Country Flight

• E6B flight Computer
• NAV Log
• Weights and Balance
• Performance Calculations 
• Pencle

Prior to Take off on a Cross Country Flight do the following:

• File a flight plan - 
• Write down take off time 
• Start your timer for timing calculation

Poilatage - to 1st way point.
Runway heading for a couple miles, then turn to your wind corrected heading to 1st waypoint
When open flight plan, you will recieve a squak code, and Altimeter Setting 

Things to do at every way point  (T-HAT)
1. TIME - Note Time,  Restart clock every time you reach a waypoint 
2. Heading
3. Altitude 
4. Turn Point

If you are behind on time, you need to validate you have enough fuel

Calculate Ground Speed -  on E6B  if it takes 15.5 mins to fly 11 miles setup the e6b to get the ground speed which is 42knots  (heavy headwind)

Distance remaining on  E6B 

Level off 
- Lean mixture
- Power setting
- Wind correction (headwind or tailwinds)
- Speed
Aviage, Navigate, Communicate

Clock  => Map => Ground 

Clock almost there then check map to make sure you did not look outside and mixup a wrong waypoint eg a road

Weight and Balance

 Weight and Balance

Fulcrum = Center of Lift  changes with changing of Angle of attack  (wings)

Center of Gravity must be infront of Center of lift

E6B Flight Computer

 

E6B has 2 sides: Wind side; Computer side

Computer side has 3 outer ring Scales:

1. A Scale Distance
2. B Scale is Time (mins)
3. C Scale is Time (Hours)
4. Air Temperature/Pressure Altitude/Density Altitude

How Fast are you going?

Need 2 piece of information

1. Distance?

2. Time it took to get there?

E6B has  2 sides: Calculator side and Wind side

Question 1

1. How Long will this Flight Take if  TAS=90Knots; Winds 230@10

and from Sectional Chart you're flying:

True Course 178deg  and  True Airspeed 90Knots

Wind Side

Wind Direction under 

• Set Wind Direction 210 deg Under True Index
• Mark up 10 Knots from 100 center (set the wind volocity Mark) 
• Set/Move true course 178 under true index
• Slide the wind volocity Mark 10Knots to the True Airspeed 90Knots
• Ground Speed reads under Center which is 83Knots

How long will this Flight Take?

Calculate side

Distance 96 Nautical Miles

Set Knots 83 under Arow

A Scale Distance

B Scale is Time  

Look at 96 on upper scaler 

Read 69 mins on Scaler B

Answer = 69 knots

Question 2

Find Time, Speed, Distance, WCA, Fuel Burn
TAS = 110 Knots, Winds-330@14; Burning 15GPH
Gainsville to Ocala Distance = 182 Heading (True Course) and distance is 31 nautical miles

What Altitude to Fly

 

Factors to Determine what altitude to Fly

1. Fly East and West - Even or Odd thousand + 500'
2. Stay out of the clouds and clear of obsticles
3. Current Sky Condition?
4. Temperature
5. Temperature and Winds alof

What is the lowest we can fly?

MEF Minimum Elevation Figure - The Blue Number you see in the Sectional Chart in Each Quadrangle in between the lines of Longititude and the Lines of Latitude. If chart are current, you should be above 100' of obsticle clearance.  - Recommend stay above 1,000' above MEF for congested area and 500' above MEF in non-congested area. 

Winds Alof Table

Aviation Surface Forcast

Aviaton cloud Forecast

https://aviationweather.gov/

METAR

TAF - Terminal Area Forecast

Winds and Temp

What is the highest  we can fly?

Surfice cealing of the Aircraft - where the aircraft can no longer climb 100' per minuite, see the "Climb Performance Chart of the POH

How can you stay 

1. Current Sectional Chart
2. VFR Naviagtion Log
3. Plotter/Procractor
4. Current Winds Alof Chart
5. POH - Cruse Performance Section 5  (use to find True Airspeed - Cruse Performance)
1. Pick Cruse Altitude and RPM setting you want to fly
2. you need to know the Pressure Altitude you need to fly by  subtracting Standard 29.92 - current altimeter setting (you get from METAR at destination Airport)
3. Current METAR for Altimeter Setting at altitude you  (mediogram website windy.com -altimeter predictions)
6. E6B - To find Fuel Burn, calibrated airspeed (Temperature and pressure altitude info) , indicate Airspeed  (POH - Airspeed Calibration Chart)
7. (POH - Climb Performance  Chart - Time Fuel Distance - notes for fuel burn start, taxi toc)

True Course (actual Ground Track in Relation to True North

Winds Alof Data is relations to True North

Lapse Rate every 1,000' up, you lose 2deg C

Magnetic Heading  

Way point  every 10-20 miles

Lapse rate

 feet